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What you will need for class in the fall:
1. Desire to learn
2. Notebook
3. Something to write with
4. Chromebook
Mr. Goudy's Classroom |
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![]() Have a wonderful summer! Read a great book and expand your mind. Former students it was great working with you. New students getting ready for the fall I can't wait to meet you and get started. See you August 15th! What you will need for class in the fall: 1. Desire to learn 2. Notebook 3. Something to write with 4. Chromebook
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Click on the following link for vocabulary review: http://quizlet.com/42317931/understanding-psychology-chapter-16-sections-1-5-flash-cards/
Click on the following link for a review test: http://quizlet.com/42317931/test Click the link for review: quizlet.com/171278427/chapter-18-federal-judiciary-practice-test-flash-cards/ ![]() Personality Disorders TREATMENT SYNOPSIS Individuals with this disorder have persistent rule-breaking, deceitfulness, antagonistic behavior, irresponsibility, lack of remorse and failure to plan ahead. In childhood, they usually have oppositional defiant disorder which develops into conduct disorder in adolescence. Fire-setting and cruelty to animals in childhood/adolescence is common. In adulthood, they often are divorced, have alcohol/drug abuse, anxiety, depression, unemployment, homelessness, and criminal behavior. Ineffective Therapy: There is no evidence that any psychological or pharmaceutical treatment is effective in improving the core features of this disorder. Psychological treatment in prison often makes this disorder worse. Fortunately, this disorder often slowly improves after age 40. Diagnostic Features: Antisocial Personality Disorder is a condition characterized by persistent disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood. Deceit and manipulation are central features of this disorder. For this diagnosis to be given, the individual must be at least 18, and must have had some symptoms of Conduct Disorder (i.e., delinquency) before age 15. This disorder is only diagnosed when these behaviors become persistent and very disabling or distressing. Diagnostic Criteria: Three or more of the following are required:
In the new, soon to be released, DSM-V diagnostic criteria for Antisocial Personality Disorder; the requirement for having a Conduct Disorder before age 15 is dropped. Thus the new DSM-V diagnostic criteria for Antisocial Personality Disorder will become almost identical to that of "psychopathy" as proposed by Dr. Robert D. Hare. Psychopaths: A diagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder (using DSM-IV criteria) has limited utility for making differential predictions of institutional adjustment, response to treatment, and behavior following release from prison. In contrast, the diagnosis of being a psychopath has considerable predictive validity with respect to treatment outcome, institutional adjustment, recidivism and violence (Hare 1991). Dr. Robert D. Hare's "Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R)" is the psycho-diagnostic tool most commonly used to assess psychopaths. On this checklist, psychopaths have the majority of the following traits:
Prevalence: The prevalence of Antisocial Personality Disorder in the general population is about 3% in males and 1% in females. It is seen in 3% to 30% of psychiatric outpatients. Course: The course of this disorder is chronic. This disorder is usually worse in young adulthood and often improves in middle age. Familial Pattern: This disorder is more common among first-degree biological relatives of those with the disorder than in the general population. There is also an increased familial risk for Substance-Related Disorders and Somatization Disorder. Complications: Individuals with this disorder have an increased risk of dying prematurely by violent means (e.g., suicide, accidents, and homicide). Prolonged unemployment, interrupted education, broken marriages, irresponsible parenting, homelessness, and frequent incarceration are common with this disorder. Comorbidity: Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorders, Substance-Related Disorders, Somatization Disorder, Pathological Gambling (and other impulse control disorders), and other Personality Disorders (especially Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic) frequently co-occur with this disorder. Associated Laboratory Findings: No laboratory test has been found to be diagnostic of this disorder. Drug Addiction Substance dependence is a drug user's compulsive need to use controlled substances in order to function normally. When such substances are unobtainable, the user suffers from substance withdrawal. In the American Psychological Association (APA) Dictionary of Psychology, psychological dependence is defined as "dependence on a psychoactive substance for the reinforcement it provides." Most times, psychological dependence is classified under addiction. While addictions often include a physiological need or craving for a substance, a psychological dependence is not based on physiology. Rather, it is a "need" for a particular substance based on the mental and psychological affects it creates. The reward system is partly responsible for the psychological part of drugtolerance. People will often turn to a substance (such as alcohol) or behavior (such as sex) to help alleviate certain negative emotions or increase positive emotions. Psychological dependence begins after the first use, when these emotions are regulated by the substance or behavior, but the result is not sustainable. The "high" of the substance or behavior always fades, often leaving the user feeling generally depressed and dissatisfied, and unable to find pleasure in previously enjoyable activities. This leads to a return to the drug for an additional "fix;" because the person falls back to their initial emotional state after the effects of the substance or behavior wears off, they come to crave the substance or behavioragain. This constant feeling leads to psychological reinforcement,which eventually leads to psychological (and sometimes physiological) dependence. In chronic drug users, gradual tolerance of the substance forces a larger dose to be taken to reach the same effect. Of the various things that a person can be psychologically dependent on, the most common are nicotine, alcohol, opiates, barbituates, and benzodiazepines. Along with substances, people can also become dependent on activities or behaviors, such as shopping, sex, self-harm, eating, or restricting food. Psychologicaldependence can be equally or more difficult to overcome than physiologicaldependence on a substance, and many choose to enter into a behavioral orsubstance abuse program while attempting to recover. IN CLASS QUESTIONS: 1. In the section-opening excerpt, did the prince fake his symptoms to avoid work pressures? 2. What creates the symptoms of somatoform disorders? 3. What do people with a conversion disorder "convert"? 4. What is a sign that someone is suffering from a psychological rather than a physical problem? 5. What is the psychonanalytic explanation for hypochondriasis? 6. How does amnesia affect memory? 7. What psychological function does a dissociative fugue probably serve? 8. In dissociative identity disorder, how do the different identities relate to one another? 9. What childhood experiences are common among people with dissociative identity disorder? 10. What psychological function does dissociative identity disorder serve? ![]() Somatoform disorders are mental illnesses that cause bodily symptoms, includingpain. The symptoms can't be traced back to any physical cause. And they are not the result of substance abuse or another mental illness. People with somatoform disorders are not faking their symptoms. The pain and other problems they experience are real. The symptoms can significantly affect daily functioning. Doctors need to perform many tests to rule out other possible causes before they diagnose a somatoform disorder. A diagnosis of a somatoform disorder can create a lot of stress and frustration for patients. They may feel unsatisfied that there's no known explanation for their symptoms. Stress often leads patients to become more worried about their health. This creates a vicious cycle that can persist for years. Types and Symptoms of Somatoform DisordersSymptoms and their severity vary depending on the type of somatoform disorder. There are several types of somatoform disorders: Somatization disorder. This is also known as Briquet's syndrome. Patients with this type have a long history of medical problems that starts before the age of 30. The symptoms involve several different organs and body systems. The patient may report a combination of:
Undifferentiated somatoform disorder. This is a less specific version of somatization disorder. A diagnosis requires that a person have one or more physical complaints of unexplained symptoms for at least six months. Hypochondriasis. People with this type are preoccupied with concern they have a serious disease. They may believe that minor complaints are signs of very serious medical problems. For example, they may believe that a common headache is a sign of a brain tumor. Body dysmorphic disorder. People with this disorder are obsessed with -- or may exaggerate -- a physical flaw. Patients may also imagine a flaw they don't have. The worry over this trait or flaw is typically constant. It may involve any part of the body. Patients can be obsessed with things such as wrinkles, hair, or the size or shape of the eyes, nose, or breasts. Conversion disorder. This condition strikes when people have neurological symptoms that can't be traced back to a medical cause. For example, patients may have symptoms such as:
Pain disorder. People who have pain disorder typically experience pain that started with a psychological stress or trauma. For example, they develop an unexplained, chronic headache after a stressful life event. Pain is the focus of the disorder. But psychological factors are believed to play a role in the perception and severity of the pain. People with pain disorder frequently seek medical care. They may become socially isolated and experience problems with work and family life. Somatoform disorder not otherwise specified. People with this type may have conditions that have features of other somatoform disorders. But they do not meet the full criteria for any other diagnosis. Conditions that fall into this category include pseudocyesis. This is the mistaken belief of being pregnant based on other signs of pregnancy, including an expanding abdomen; feeling labor pains, nausea, breast changes, fetal movement; breast changes; and cessation of the menstrual period. Dissociative Disorders There are four major dissociative disorders defined in the current edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DMS), published by the American Psychiatric Association:
If you or someone you love has significant, unexplained memory loss or experiences a dramatic change in behavior when under stress, talk to a doctor. A chronic sense that your identity or the world around you is blurry or unreal also may be caused by a dissociative disorder. Effective treatment is available for these conditions. Seek medical help. If you or your child experiences abuse or another traumatic situation, talk to a doctor as soon as possible. Early intervention and counseling may help prevent the formation of dissociative disorders. ![]() There are many types of anxiety disorders that include panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, social anxiety disorder, specific phobias, and generalized anxiety disorder. Anxiety is a normal human emotion that everyone experiences at times. Many people feel anxious, or nervous, when faced with a problem at work, before taking a test, or making an important decision. Anxiety disorders, however, are different. They can cause such distress that it interferes with a person's ability to lead a normal life. An anxiety disorder is a serious mental illness. For people with anxiety disorders, worry and fear are constant and overwhelming, and can be crippling. What Are the Types of Anxiety Disorders?There are several recognized types of anxiety disorders, including:
Symptoms vary depending on the type of anxiety disorder, but general symptoms include:
Like certain illnesses, such as diabetes, anxiety disorders may be caused by chemical imbalances in the body. Studies have shown that severe or long-lasting stress can change the balance of chemicals in the brain that control mood. Other studies have shown that people with certain anxiety disorders have changes in certain brain structures that control memory or mood. In addition, studies have shown that anxiety disorders run in families, which means that they can be inherited from one or both parents, like hair or eye color. Moreover, certain environmental factors -- such as a trauma or significant event -- may trigger an anxiety disorder in people who have an inherited susceptibility to developing the disorder. How Common Are Anxiety Disorders?Anxiety disorders affect about 19 million adult Americans. Most anxiety disorders begin in childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood. They occur slightly more often in women than in men, and occur with equal frequency in whites, African-Americans, and Hispanics. How Are Anxiety Disorders Diagnosed?If symptoms of an anxiety disorder are present, the doctor will begin an evaluation by asking you questions about your medical history and performing a physical exam. Although there are no lab tests to specifically diagnose anxiety disorders, the doctor may use various tests to look for physical illness as the cause of the symptoms. If no physical illness is found, you may be referred to a psychiatrist or psychologist, mental health professionals who are specially trained to diagnose and treat mental illnesses. Psychiatrists and psychologists use specially designed interview and assessment tools to evaluate a person for an anxiety disorder. The doctor bases his or her diagnosis on the patient's report of the intensity and duration of symptoms -- including any problems with daily functioning caused by the symptoms -- and the doctor's observation of the patient's attitude and behavior. The doctor then determines if the patient's symptoms and degree of dysfunction indicate a specific anxiety disorder. How Are Anxiety Disorders Treated?Fortunately, much progress has been made in the last two decades in the treatment of people with mental illnesses, including anxiety disorders. Although the exact treatment approach depends on the type of disorder, one or a combination of the following therapies may be used for most anxiety disorders:
Anxiety disorders cannot be prevented; however, there are some things you can do to control or lessen symptoms:
Web sites used in class discussion: General Anxiety: www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/generalized-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20360803 **Panic Attacks: www.youtube.com/watch?v=7GvcP8ekLNw **Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: www.youtube.com/watch?v=hV2DOXhZ9qM **Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: www.youtube.com/watch?v=H9CIuKNxek4 **OCD and Anxiety Disorders: Crash Course Psychology #29: www.youtube.com/watch?v=aX7jnVXXG5o
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